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問(wèn)wen說(shuō)shuo

君jun子zi之zhi學(xué)xue必bi好hao問(wèn)wen。問(wèn)wen與yu學(xué)xue，相xiang輔fu而er行xing者zhe也ye。非fei學(xué)xue無(wú)wu以yi致zhi疑yi，非fei問(wèn)wen無(wú)wu以yi廣guang識(shí)shi；好hao學(xué)xue而er不bu勤qin問(wèn)wen，非fei真zhen能neng好hao學(xué)xue者zhe也ye。理li明ming矣yi，而er或huo不bu達(dá)da于yu事shi；識(shí)shi其qi大da矣yi，而er或huo不bu知zhi其qi細(xì)xi，舍she問(wèn)wen，其qi奚xi決jue焉yan？賢xian于yu己ji者zhe，問(wèn)wen焉yan以yi破po其qi疑yi，所suo謂wei“就jiu有you道dao而er正zheng”也ye。不bu如ru己ji者zhe，問(wèn)wen焉yan以yi求qiu一yi得de，所suo謂wei“以yi能neng問(wèn)wen于yu不bu能neng，以yi多duo問(wèn)wen于yu寡gua”也ye。等deng于yu己ji者zhe，問(wèn)wen焉yan以yi資zi切qie磋cuo，所suo謂wei交jiao相xiang問(wèn)wen難nan((nnàànn))，審shen問(wèn)wen而er明ming辨bian之zhi也ye。《書(shū)shu》不bu云yun乎hu？“好hao問(wèn)wen則ze裕yu。”孟meng子zi論lun：“求qiu放fang心xin”，而er并bing稱cheng曰yue“學(xué)xue問(wèn)wen之zhi道dao”，學(xué)xue即ji繼ji以yi問(wèn)wen也ye。子zi思si言yan“尊zun德de性xing”，而er歸gui于yu“道dao問(wèn)wen學(xué)xue”，問(wèn)wen且qie先xian于yu學(xué)xue也ye。古gu之zhi人ren虛xu中zhong樂(lè)le善shan，不bu擇ze事shi而er問(wèn)wen焉yan，不bu擇ze人ren而er問(wèn)wen焉yan，取qu其qi有you益yi于yu身shen而er已yi。是shi故gu狂kuang夫fu之zhi言yan，圣sheng人ren擇ze之zhi，芻chu蕘rao((rrááoo))之zhi微wei，先xian民min詢xun之zhi，舜shun以yi天tian子zi而er詢xun于yu匹pi夫fu，以yi大da知zhi而er察cha及ji邇er言yan，非fei茍gou為wei謙qian，誠(chéng)cheng取qu善shan之zhi弘hong也ye。三san代dai而er下xia，有you學(xué)xue而er無(wú)wu問(wèn)wen，朋peng友you之zhi交jiao，至zhi于yu勸quan善shan規(guī)gui過(guò)guo足zu矣yi，其qi以yi義yi理li相xiang咨zi訪fang，孜zi孜zi焉yan唯wei進(jìn)jin修xiu是shi急ji，未wei之zhi多duo見(jiàn)jian也ye，況kuang流liu俗su乎hu？是shi己ji而er非fei人ren，俗su之zhi同tong病bing。學(xué)xue有you未wei達(dá)da，強(qiáng)qiang以yi為wei知zhi；理li有you未wei安an，妄wang以yi臆yi度du。如ru是shi，則ze終zhong身shen幾ji無(wú)wu可ke問(wèn)wen之zhi事shi。賢xian于yu己ji者zhe，忌ji之zhi而er不bu愿yuan問(wèn)wen焉yan；不bu如ru己ji者zhe，輕qing之zhi而er不bu屑xie問(wèn)wen焉yan；等deng于yu己ji者zhe，狎xiaxxiiáá之zhi而er不bu甘gan問(wèn)wen焉yan，如ru是shi，則ze天tian下xia幾ji無(wú)wu可ke問(wèn)wen之zhi人ren。人ren不bu足zu服fu矣yi，事shi無(wú)wu可ke疑yi矣yi，此ci唯wei師shi心xin自zi用yong耳er。夫fu自zi用yong，其qi小xiao者zhe也ye；自zi知zhi其qi陋lou而er謹(jǐn)jin護(hù)hu其qi失shi，寧ning使shi學(xué)xue終zhong不bu進(jìn)jin，不bu欲yu虛xu以yi下xia人ren，此ci為wei害hai于yu心xin術(shù)shu者zhe大da，而er蹈dao之zhi者zhe常chang十shi之zhi八ba九jiu。不bu然ran，則ze所suo問(wèn)wen非fei所suo學(xué)xue焉yan：詢xun天tian下xia之zhi異yi文wen鄙bi事shi以yi快kuai言yan論lun；甚shen且qie心xin之zhi所suo已yi明ming者zhe，問(wèn)wen之zhi人ren以yi試shi其qi能neng，事shi之zhi至zhi難nan解jie者zhe，問(wèn)wen之zhi人ren以yi窮qiong其qi短duan。而er非fei是shi者zhe，雖sui有you切qie于yu身shen心xin性xing命ming之zhi事shi，可ke以yi收shou取qu善shan之zhi益yi，求qiu一yi屈qu己ji焉yan而er不bu可ke得de也ye。嗟jie乎hu！學(xué)xue之zhi所suo以yi不bu能neng幾ji((jjīī))于yu古gu者zhe，非fei此ci之zhi由you乎hu？且qie夫fu不bu好hao問(wèn)wen者zhe，由you心xin不bu能neng虛xu也ye；心xin之zhi不bu虛xu，由you好hao學(xué)xue之zhi不bu誠(chéng)cheng也ye。亦yi非fei不bu潛qian心xin專zhuan力li之zhi敵di，其qi學(xué)xue非fei古gu人ren之zhi學(xué)xue，其qi好hao亦yi非fei古gu人ren之zhi好hao也ye，不bu能neng問(wèn)wen宜yi也ye。智zhi者zhe千qian慮lv，必bi有you一yi失shi。圣sheng人ren所suo不bu知zhi，未wei必bi不bu為wei愚yu人ren之zhi所suo知zhi也ye；愚yu人ren之zhi所suo能neng，未wei必bi非fei圣sheng人ren之zhi所suo不bu能neng也ye。理li無(wú)wu專zhuan在zai，而er學(xué)xue無(wú)wu止zhi境jing也ye，然ran則ze問(wèn)wen可ke少shao耶ye？《周zhou禮li》，外wai朝chao以yi詢xun萬(wàn)wan民min，國(guó)guo之zhi政zheng事shi尚shang問(wèn)wen及ji庶shu人ren，是shi故gu貴gui可ke以yi問(wèn)wen賤jian，賢xian可ke以yi問(wèn)wen不bu肖xiao，而er老lao可ke以yi問(wèn)wen幼you，唯wei道dao之zhi所suo成cheng而er已yi矣yi。孔kong文wen子zi不bu恥chi下xia問(wèn)wen，夫fu子zi賢xian之zhi。古gu人ren以yi問(wèn)wen為wei美mei德de，而er并bing不bu見(jiàn)jian其qi有you可ke恥chi也ye，后hou之zhi君jun子zi反fan爭(zhēng)zheng以yi問(wèn)wen為wei恥chi，然ran則ze古gu人ren所suo深shen恥chi者zhe，后hou世shi且qie行xing之zhi而er不bu以yi為wei恥chi者zhe多duo矣yi，悲bei夫fu！

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劉開(kāi)簡(jiǎn)介

清代·劉開(kāi)的簡(jiǎn)介

劉開(kāi)（1784—1824）字明東，又字方來(lái)，號(hào)孟涂，清代桐城人，散文家。劉開(kāi)出生數(shù)月喪父，母吳氏日耕夜織，盡心撫育。少時(shí)牧牛常依塾窗外，傍聽(tīng)塾師講課，天長(zhǎng)日久，習(xí)以為常，塾師頗為愛(ài)憐，留館就讀。劉開(kāi)如饑似渴，遍讀詩(shī)文。十四歲，以文章拜會(huì)姚鼐，姚鼐看后高興地說(shuō)：“此子他日當(dāng)以古文名家，望溪、海峰之墜緒賴以復(fù)振，吾鄉(xiāng)幸也。”遂收為弟子，授以詩(shī)文之法。劉開(kāi)融會(huì)貫通，盡得師傳，與同鄉(xiāng)方東樹(shù)、上元管同、歙縣梅曾亮并稱“姚門(mén)四大弟子”。道光元年(1821)，受聘赴亳州修志，患暴疾而逝。

...〔? 劉開(kāi)的詩(shī)(1篇)〕