with

英文詞源

with

with: [OE] The ancestral meaning of with is ‘against’ (retained by its German relative wider). It goes back ultimately to the Indo-European base *wi-, which denoted ‘separation’. The notion of ‘accompaniment’ is a secondary development, albeit an ancient one, and the idea of ‘instrumentality’ did not emerge until the 12th century.

with (prep.)

Old English wie "against, opposite, from, toward, by, near," a shortened form related to wieer, from Proto-Germanic *withro- "against" (cognates: Old Saxon withar "against," Old Norse vier "against, with, toward, at," Middle Dutch, Dutch weder, Dutch weer "again," Gothic witra "against, opposite"), from PIE *wi-tero-, literally "more apart," suffixed form of root *wi- "separation" (cognates: Sanskrit vi, Avestan vi- "asunder," Sanskrit vitaram "further, farther," Old Church Slavonic vutoru "other, second").

Sense shifted in Middle English to denote association, combination, and union, partly by influence of Old Norse vidh, and also perhaps by Latin cum "with" (as in pugnare cum "fight with"). In this sense, it replaced Old English mid "with," which survives only as a prefix (as in midwife). Original sense of "against, in opposition" is retained in compounds such as withhold, withdraw, withstand. Often treated as a conjunction by ungrammatical writers and used where and would be correct. First record of with child "pregnant" is recorded from c. 1200. With it "cool" is black slang, recorded by 1931. French avec "with" was originally avoc, from Vulgar Latin *abhoc, from apud hoc, literally "with this."